33 research outputs found
The “Outcome Reporting in Brief Intervention Trials: Alcohol” (ORBITAL) core outcome set:International consensus on outcomes to measure in efficacy and effectiveness Trials of alcohol brief interventions
Objective:
The purpose of this study was to report the “Outcome Reporting in Brief Intervention Trials: Alcohol” (ORBITAL) recommended core outcome set (COS) to improve efficacy and effectiveness trials/evaluations for alcohol brief interventions (ABIs).
Method:
A systematic review identified 2,641 outcomes in 401 ABI articles measured by 1,560 different approaches. These outcomes were classified into outcome categories, and 150 participants from 19 countries participated in a two-round e-Delphi outcome prioritization exercise. This process prioritized 15 of 93 outcome categories for discussion at a consensus meeting of key stakeholders to decide the COS. A psychometric evaluation determined how to measure the outcomes.
Results:
Ten outcomes were voted into the COS at the consensus meeting: (a) typical frequency, (b) typical quantity, (c) frequency of heavy episodic drinking, (d) combined consumption measure summarizing alcohol use, (e) hazardous or harmful drinking (average consumption), (f) standard drinks consumed in the past week (recent, current consumption), (g) alcohol-related consequences, (h) alcohol-related injury, (i) use of emergency health care services (impact of alcohol use), and (j) quality of life.
Conclusions:
The ORBITAL COS is an international consensus standard for future ABI trials and evaluations. It can improve the synthesis of new findings, reduce redundant/selective reporting (i.e., reporting only some, usually significant outcomes), improve between-study comparisons, and enhance the relevance of trial and evaluation findings to decision makers. The COS is the recommended minimum and does not exclude other, additional outcomes
The Malicious Use of Artificial Intelligence: Forecasting, Prevention, and Mitigation
This report surveys the landscape of potential security threats from
malicious uses of AI, and proposes ways to better forecast, prevent, and
mitigate these threats. After analyzing the ways in which AI may influence the
threat landscape in the digital, physical, and political domains, we make four
high-level recommendations for AI researchers and other stakeholders. We also
suggest several promising areas for further research that could expand the
portfolio of defenses, or make attacks less effective or harder to execute.
Finally, we discuss, but do not conclusively resolve, the long-term equilibrium
of attackers and defenders.Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford, Centre for the Study of Existential Risk, University of Cambridge, Center for a New American Security, Electronic Frontier Foundation, OpenAI. The Future of Life Institute is acknowledged as a funder
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Proceedings of the 13th annual conference of INEBRIA
CITATION: Watson, R., et al. 2016. Proceedings of the 13th annual conference of INEBRIA. Addiction Science & Clinical Practice, 11:13, doi:10.1186/s13722-016-0062-9.The original publication is available at https://ascpjournal.biomedcentral.comENGLISH SUMMARY : Meeting abstracts.https://ascpjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13722-016-0062-9Publisher's versio
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Medicine and the senses: humours, potions and spells
"I find that a bad head cold clears up if the sufferer kisses a mule on the nose," advises Pliny the Elder (Natural Histories 30.31). This kind of homespun remedy is not perhaps the kind of treatment we imagine when we think of ancient medicine. We expect cool and rational observations from the first men to have come close to what we call physicans, men such as Hippocrates, the "Father of Medicien." However, the figure of Hippocrates himself, idealized over much of the subsequent history of Western medicine as the clinical observer par excellence, envisaged sitting at the patient's bedside watching and working out what to do (with the resulting case histories providing a model of the inductive method), is more of a fabrication than a reality. Only a few hundred years after his death, stories already circulated in which Hippocrates cured the plague of Athens, found out why the philosopher Democritus behaved so oddly, and was approached by the king of Persia to heal a disease ravaging his empire (Pinault 1992). In fact, not one treatise of the seventy or so in the "Hippocratic corpus" can be attributed to the historical Hippocrates with any certainty, while his persona has been created by our expectations of what a doctor should be like